An Introduction Sociolinguistics
INTRODUCTION TO
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
GROUP 1 :
ASRI
LARASWATI (1588203017)
SHELA
SAFHIRA (1588203043)
TEUKU
MUHAMMAD RIDHANI (1588203047)
ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF
EDUCATION AND TEACHES TRAINING
LANCANG KUNING
UNIVERSITY
PEKANBARU
2017
FOREWORD
All Praises to Allah
SWT who have given us mercies and blessings, so the writers can finish this
paper entitled “ Introduction to Sociolinguistic ”. This paper is made to
complete one of assignment of Introduction to Sociolinguistic Course.
The writer also wishes
to say gratitude to Mrs. Destina Kasriyati, M.Pd. as the lecturer of Introduction
to Sociolinguistic who have guided, and given us an opportunity to make and
complete this paper.
The purpose of making
this paper, as a future teacher and as a learner of sociolinguistic, we can
more understand about use of language, variation of language, add more knowledge
and raise awareness for using a good language.
At last, the writer
realized this paper is not perfect yet. Therefore, we hope it can be useful for
us. Critics, comments, or suggestions are needed to make this paper better.
Pekanbaru, September 27th,
2017
The
Writers,
Group
1
TABLE
OF CONTENT
FORWARD.......................................................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................. ii
A.
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................
1
1. Background
of Problem ....................................................................... 1
B.
CONTENT
............................................................................................. 2
1. Definition
of Sociolinguistic....................................................................
2
2. Concepts of Sociolinguistic..................................................................
3
3. Subfield and Branches
of Sociolinguistic ............................................ 5
4. Language
in Contract............................................................................
5
5. Sociolinguistic
Methods ....................................................................... 6
6. Factors
Influencing Language use ......................................................... 6
7. Sociolinguistic
Competence ................................................................... 7
C.
CONCLUSION
........................................................................................ 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 9
Review Material by Given Questions and Discussion in The Classroom
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
As we know that language cannot be
separetly with human society. It can we see from human daily activities that
almost never stop comunicating with their enfiroment. it also becomes primer
human necessary to help their life. According to Gilbert (cited in Otlowsky,
2004:3) stated that if someone cannot hear English well, she or he is cut of from
the language. And if someone cannot be understood easily, she or he is cut from
conversation with native speaker. From the statment above we can take a point
that language has relation with society and it is so important by giving
significant effect.
In
studying about relation between language and society, lingusits had tried to
solve the problems in language social such as creation, renewal and
annihilation of language, until they appeared some theories or subdiciplines in
linguistic that one of them can we call as
sociolinguistics.
In
developing of this study, sociolinguistics has played it’s role in inluencing,
growing and developing language. It appears by so many studies that divided
into many parts, such as methods, varietions, and concepts that will be
explained in next chapter.
CHAPTER II
CONTENT
1.
Definition
of Sociolinguistic
a. Definition
Sociolinguistic by Expert
1) Fishman
Sociolinguistic is “the study of the
characteristics of language varities, the characteristics of their functions,
and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact,
change, and change one another within a speech community.”
2) C.Criper
dan H.G.Widdowson
Sosiolinguistcs is the study of language operation,
it’s purposeis to investigatehow the convention of the language use relate to
other aspects of social behavior.
3) Nancy
Parrot Hickerson 1980
Sosiolinguistics is a developing subfield of
linguistics which takes speech variation as it’s focus , viewing variation or
it social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between
such social factors and linguistics variation.
4) William
Labov
has called sociolinguistics secular
linguistics, "in reaction to the contention among many linguists
working in a broadly Chomskyanframework
that language can be dissociated from its social functions" (Key
Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language, 2005).
5) Rubén
Chacón-Beltrán
In An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics (2013), observes that in sociolinguistics “the
stress is placed on language and its role within communication.
Sociology of language, however, centers on the study of society and how we can
understand it through the study of language."
6) Hudson (1996),
Sociolinguistics
is “The study of language in relation to sociey…”
So, Sociolinguists is the study of the
relationship between language and society. They are interested in explaining
why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned
with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to
convey social meaning. Examining the way people use language in different
social contexts provides a wealth of information about the way language works,
as well as about the social relationships in a community, and the way people
convey and construct aspects of their social identity through their language.
Sociolinguistics is concerned with the
relationship between language and the context in which it is used.
There
are two type of Sociolinguistic (Sociolinguistics and
Sociology of Language), are:
-
Sociolinguistics:
It’s main focus is “Society on Language”
-
Sociology
of Language: It’s main focus is “Languages effects on society”
b. Expert of Sociolinguistic
1)
William Labov (1972- US)
American
linguist, widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist
sociolinguistics. He has been described as "an enormously original and
influential figure who has created much of the methodology" of
sociolinguistics. He is employed as a professor in the linguistics department
of the University of Pennsylvania, and pursues research in sociolinguistics,
language change, and dialectology.
2) Basil Bernstein (1924 - 2000)- UK)
British
sociologist and linguist, known for his work in the sociology of education.
Basil Bernstein made a significant contribution to the study of communication
with his sociolinguistic theory of language codes.
2. Concept of Sociolinguistic
a.
Main Concepts in sociolinguistics
1) SpeechCommunityisDiscrete group of people who use
language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves.
2) High/LowPrestigeVarieties is
Speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then
applied to the speaker.
3) Social Network is Aparticular speech community in
terms of relations between individual members in a community.
4) I-Language and E-Language is Internal language applies to the
study of syntax and semantics in language on the abstract level; External
language applies to language in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared
by a community.
b.
Other important concepts in
Sociolinguistic
1) Standard Language
Standard language refers to mode of usage of most educated speakers of a
language and established as the prestigious form of that language. This term is
also used for that variety of a language which is considered to be the norm.
2) Non Standard Language
The term nonstandard was originally used by linguists to refer to language
varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar. Non
standard English differs from Standard English at the level of grammar ( it
does not follow the grammar or pronunciation rules of standard language ).
3) Accent
It is a pattern or manner of pronunciation. An accent may identify the
locality in which its speakers reside. (geographical or regional accent). It
can indicate the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity or
social class.
Accent can also allow to determine the speaker’s native language.Accents
typically differ in quality of voice, pronunciation of vowels and consonants,
and stress pitch ( ex: intonation in Spanish and English questions and the
speech of people from Ecuadorian Coast and Sierra regions ).
4) Dialect
Dialect can
be defined as standard language, or Prestige Dialect used in business,
education, and media. Dialects can be described at different levels according
to variations :
•
Phonological ( differences in pronunciation , ex: in Spanish llave ( llave) –
llave (shave)
•
Morphological (word structure)
• Syntactic
( it can be represented by different word order in sentences,)
• Semantic
(differences in meaning, ex:football – soccer )
•
Grammatical ( differences in grammar structures may depend on social status of
speakers, age , gender)
5) Jargon
Jargon is defined in relationship to a
specific activity, profession, group, or event. Jargon: the language used by
people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. "Jargon"
can be technical language, for instance, the language used in a given
profession (medical jargon, nautical jargon, etc.)
Jargon is used with these purpose :
provide speakers of specialized domains with clear, well-defined, unambiguous
terms to refer to their activities and provide speakers od a sub gruop with a means of marking ingroup membershhip
and exclude outsiders
6) Slang
It refers to the use ofinformal words andexpressions that are notconsidered
standard inthe speakers dialect orlanguage. It may refer to things considered
taboo or euphemisms “( The substitution of an inoffensive terms such as
"passed away" for "died”) .
3. Subfields and Branches of Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics includes some
branches, they are :
2)
Dialectology,
4)
Ethnography Of Speaking,
5)
Geolinguistics,
6)
Language Contact
Studies,
7)
Secular Linguistics,
8)
The Social Psychology Of Language And
9)
The Sociology Of Language
4. Languages
in contact (contact linguistics)
Language
contact occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact. The study of
language contact is called Contact Linguistics, forms of influence of one
language on another:
a.
Borrowing
of Vocabulary: The most common way that
languages influence each other is by exchange of words.
b.
Adoption
of Other Language Features: The influence can go deeper, extending to the
exchange of even basic characteristics of a language such as morphology and
grammar.
c.
Language
Shift: The result of the contact of two languages can be the replacement of one
by the other (superstratum over substratum).
d.
Stratal
Influence: when people retain features of the substratum as they learn the new
language and pass these features on to their children, leading to the
development of a new variety.
e.
Pidginization
& Creolization: People with no common language interact, developing a
pidgin, which may eventually become a native language.
5. Sociolinguistic Methods
The standard way in which
sociolinguists investigate [language] use is by random sampling of the
population.In classic cases, like those undertaken in New York by William
Labov, or in Norwich by Peter Trudgill, a number of linguistic
variables are selected, such as 'r' (variably pronounced according to
where it occurs in a word) or 'ng' (variably pronounced /n/ or /ŋ/). Sections
of the population, known as informants, are then tested to see
the frequency with which they produce particular variants. The results are then
set against social indices which group informants into classes, based on
factors such as education, money, occupation, and so forth. On the basis of
such data it is possible to chart the spread of innovations in accent and dialectregionally.
6.
Factors Influencing Language Use
They are
four dominant factors influencing someone’s language use in a given speech
community: (a) the participants: who speaks, to whom he speaks, (b) the
setting: where does he speak? (c) the topic discussed, and (d) the function:
what and why does he speak?. These four factors can be illustrated as follows:
For
instance, there are two persons involving in a speech act. They are called as
participants. They are identified as father and his son. At home (setting),
in order to be familiar between them (function), both father and his son
(participants) speak Javanese language to talk about daily activities (topic);
they use Indonesian language in another topic. Both speakers never Javanese
outside their home to each other; they use Banjarese or Indonesian language.
7. Sociolinguistic Competence
Sociolinguistic competence
enables speakers to distinguish among possibilities such as the following.To
get someone's attention in English, each of the utterances
- 'Hey!',
- 'Excuse me!', and
- 'Sir!' or 'Ma'am!'
That are grammatical and a fully meaningful
contribution to the discourse of the moment, but only one of them may satisfy
societal expectations and the speaker's preferred presentation of self. 'Hey!'
addressed to one's mother or father, for example, often expresses either a bad
attitude or surprising misunderstanding of the usually recognized social
proprieties, and saying 'Sir!' to a 12-year-old probably expresses
inappropriate deference.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
This paper started with some of the
issues related to socio (society) and linguistic (language). A language
is an important thing in a given community, a speech community. It is not a
means for communication and interaction but also for establishing and
maintaining human relationships.
One characteristic of a language is
that is social. That is to say that all speech events must be in relation to
the social aspects. A new-born child acquires a language in the social
environment (family as a part of the speech community). A language use also
occurs in the speech community.
Based the geographical area, one
community may be different from one to another. This results in the different
varieties of language: dialects. These kinds of dialects are known as
geographical or regional dialects. The fact also shows us that the members of a
community or speech community are in the same social hierarchy. Consequently,
there are also varieties of the same language used by the different types of
the language users. These kinds of language varieties are known as social dialects.
Sociolinguistics studies a language
and its varieties, and how they are used in the speech community in relation to
the socio-cultural background of the language use itself.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wardhaugh,
R. 2006. An introduction to
Sociolinguistic. United Kingdom : Blackwell Publishing.
Holmes,
J. 2013. An Introduction to
Sociolinguistic. USA : Rotledge Taylor and Francis Group
ThoughtCo.
Sociolinguistic definition. Retrieved
on September 25nd 2017 : https://www.thoughtco.com/sociolinguistics-definition-1692110
Sigodang. Pengertian Sociolinguistik ii. Retrieved on September 25nd
2017 : http://sigodang.blogspot.co.id/2008/11/pengertian-sosiolinguistik-ii.html
Fatchulfkip. Sociolinguistic.
Retrieved on September 24nd 2017 : https://fatchulfkip.wordpress.com/2008/03/19/sociolinguistics/
Slideshare. 2012. Intro to
Sociolinguistic. Retrieved on September 24nd 2017 : https://www.slideshare.net/ajbessette/intro-to-sociolinguistics-12536272
Review
Material with Some Questions in The Classroom
1.
Siti Rafi’ah’s question :
Why
accent and dialect include into Sociolinguistics ?
Presenter : we know
that language is a system comunicative that used by human in their society
enfiroment. In language also, speaker has unique style language that make it
different each other. Some styles used by human laguage is dialect and accent.
In developing of langauge, dialect and accent give biggest in influncing a
language. we can take one example, the different city and village language,
include intonation rhyme, polite, and culture.
Added by : -
2.
Diana Pasaribu’s question :
Can
you give me a example that can make Sociolinguistics different with Sociology
of Language ?
Presenter : actuallly,
there are so many example can we find from two points above. It can we see from
emphasizing of the definition. Sociolinguistics focuses on using language in
society included as necessary, entertiment and etc. While Sociology of language
focuses on effect from using or renewal a language, for ilustration: some of us
maybe ever hear someone or a group use a language that can we call as Gaul
language or Alay language. from using the language we can obtain analysis of
using the language from the enfiroment of speaker. In influncing of the
language there are some people like and adopt the language as daliy language
and it creates new passion in life style. But also there are some people’s
perspectives think that it is so bad and the effet of that appearing the
langauge is excomunicate in the life.
Added by Febty Mahani :
Sociolinguistics emphasize on using Language. while Sociology of Language
emphasizes on using language as major of some people.
3.
Febty’s question
What
is difference betwen accent and dialect ?
Presenter : accent si
style language used by people from different region, social class , etc. It
emphasizes different each other such as pronunciation, intonation, polite, and
meaning of word. For instace, we can compare using language by ctity and
village langguage.While dialect is style of language emphasizes using language
as formal or standar language usually used in education, business, conference,
etc.
Added by Dela Safitri :
Dialect is style of language used as vast in this world in a region. While
Accent is style of languge used as some people in a region.
Added by Nabila Firda
Asyari : dialect is style of language that different in word and intonation.
While accent is style of language emphasizing only the intonation.
Added by Rumintang
Harianja : accent and dialect in Sociolinguistics is varietion of study of
relation in human society. They almost same in applicating, but so different in
contextual of using. Accent has job to consider structure of langauge while
dialect focus on using language as standard language, include some aspects
emhasizing on polite and formal laguage.
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