Morphology

Heeyy...!!we meet again :V, i hope you are always be better yah brothers. now, i wanna continue our lesson nih. last week, i had posted about phonology, so now we wiil get new leasson about morphology, oke let's move.
 
what is morphology ? do you now it ?

   Morphology is the study of morphemes, which are the smallest significant units of grammar. This definition becomes more comprehensible if you look at some examples such pattrents as :

Singular         plural                      present           past

[a] Cat     =     cats                        [b] cook   =   cooked

      Mat   =     mats                           look     =   looked

      Bat     =    bats                             book   =  booked

From  [a] examples, there are two morphemes, the morphemes ‘cat’ (the ‘mat’ or ‘bat’) and the morphemes ’s’ which in many English words marks the difference between singular and plural. In [b] examples also gives us explanation which the’ed’ morphemes indicates the past tenses for many English verbs.

 
Free and bound morphemes

   If you look at a number of other examples you can establish different categories of morpheme. The words :

·         Unmanly

·         Meaningless

Can be split up into :

[Un+man+ly] and [mean+ing+less]

In the both examples, the words are composed of three morphemes, only one of which can occur in isolation :

The man is very tired

What do you mean ?

Morphemes which can occur freely on their own are called ‘free’ morphemes. morphemes with can only occur as affixes are describe as ‘bound’morphemes. For bound morphemes are divided into two types such as : ‘dis’ and ‘un-‘ which preceded words and which are called prefixs such as ‘-ly’ and ‘ness’ and follow free morphemes or which are called suffixes.

Allomorphs

when a morpheme has alternative forms the various forms are know as ‘allomorphs’.

   Take another example. some English adjectives form their opposites by prefixing the boud morpheme ‘in-‘ :

Capable          incapable

tolerant           intolerant

often, however, the nagative morpheme change ‘n’ to the consonant of the word it prefixs :

legal                 illegal

mobile             immobile

reguler             irreguler

‘il-‘, ‘im-‘, ‘in-‘ and ‘ir’ can thus called allomorphs.

Derivational morphology

   Morphology fulfils two main function in English. Morphemes can be used to form new words :

Beauty + ful > beatiful

Danger+ous > dangerous

Or to inflect verbs or nouns :

Look, look+s, look+ving, look+ed

Tree, tree+s

The category is known as derivational morphology and it involves prefixation :

Re+turn > return

Un+true> untrue

Suffixation :

Man + ly > manly

Wicked + ness > wickedness

Or affixation involving both prefixation and suffixation :

Un + speak + able > unspeakable

Sub + conscious + ly > subconsciously

Commonly ocurring prefixes are ‘be-‘, ‘de-’, ‘en-‘, ‘ex-‘, ‘hyper-‘, ‘pre-‘, ‘pro-‘, ‘re-‘, ‘sub-‘, ‘super-‘ and ‘trans-‘. Prefixes alter meaning but do not always change the function of the word to wich they are prefixed:

Prefix                            free morphemes (class)                          result (class)

Be                                   witch (N)                                                        bewitch (V)

De                                  limit (V)                                                          delimit (V)

En                                   rich (V)                                                            enrich (V)          

Ex                                   terminate (V)                                              exterminate (V)

hyper                            market (N)                                                     hypermarket (N)

commonly occuring suffixes always change  the class of the word to which they are attached :

beauty (n) + ful > beautiful (adj)

determine (v) + ation > determination (n)

words ending in the morphemes ‘-acy’, ‘-ation’, ‘-er/or’, ‘-ess’, ‘-ity’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’ and ‘-ship’ ten to be nouns :

democracy                  mistress                                 hersemanship

adoration                    solemnity                              weaknees

painter                         bewilderment                     actor           

words ending in ‘-ise/ize’ tend to be nouns :

epitomise

hospitalise

words ending in ‘-able, ‘-ed’, ‘-ful’, ‘-cal’, ‘-ive’, ‘-like’, ‘-less’ ‘-ous’ and ‘-y’ tend to be adjectives :

an enjoyable film

a polished performance

a comical episode

a diminutive person

a help less individual

a workmanlike effort

an industrious group

a pretty girl

and words  which and in ‘-ly’ tend to be adverbs :

he ran into home quickly

she locked the doors securely

but, althought ‘lovely’ and ‘friendly’ end in ‘-ly’ they function as adjectives and not as adverbs :

a lovely girl

a friendly welcome

inflectional morphology

whereas derivational affixes often involve a change of class such as the verb’attract’ becoming the  adjective ‘attractive’, it is not same with inflectional, it’s suffixes never involve a change of class. Inflectional morphology occur with nouns, pronoun* and verbs. In noun, inflection marks plurality in regular nouns :

book                              books

chair                              chairs

and possesive of all nouns :

john                               john’s book/books

the man                       the man’s book/books

the men                       the men’s book/books

the builders                the builder’s material/materials

irregular nouns often form their plurals by a vowel change :

foot                               feet

man                               men

mouse /maƱs/         mice/mais/

with regard to verbs in english, inflectional suffixes are used to indicate present tense agreement :

I, you, we, they                     look/sing

but : he/she/it                        look + s/sing + s

and the present participle :

look + ing/sing + ing

for regular verbs past tenses and the past participle are formed by the suffix ‘-ed’ :

I look + ed/ I have look + ed

Whereas, with irregular verbs, the past tenses and the past participle are often signlled by a vowel change plus a suffix :

Sing                                  sang                               sung

Take                                 took                               taken

write                                wrote                            written

Maybe, you will more understand if you watch this video.   
                       

 yeah...those a few explanation about morphology. Thank you very much for read, watch and visit my blog brothers :D